Ordering seeds by mail is a convenient way to access a wide variety of plants, but gardeners often face frustrating germination issues once the seeds arrive. This list covers the most common problems encountered with mail order seeds, explaining why they happen and how to fix them. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced gardener, these tips will help you get your seeds sprouting successfully and thriving in your garden.
1. Low Germination Rate Due to Old or Poorly Stored Seeds
Mail order seeds may have reduced viability if they are old or have been improperly stored before shipping. Seeds lose their ability to germinate over time, especially if exposed to heat, moisture, or light. To fix this, check the seed packet for the harvest or packing date and buy from reputable sellers who guarantee freshness. Storing seeds in a cool, dry place immediately upon receipt can also preserve viability.
2. Incorrect Soil Moisture Levels
Seeds require consistent moisture to germinate but too much water can cause them to rot, while too little prevents sprouting. Mail order seeds often come without planting instructions tailored to your environment, leading to overwatering or underwatering. Use a seed-starting mix that retains moisture without becoming soggy, and keep the soil evenly moist but not soaked. Covering the seed tray with plastic wrap or a humidity dome helps maintain proper moisture levels.
3. Planting Depth Errors
Many seeds, especially from mail order packets, fail to germinate because they are planted too deep or too shallow. Small seeds like lettuce or petunias need to be barely covered with soil, while larger seeds like beans require more depth. Always follow the packet’s recommended planting depth or use the rule of thumb: plant seeds at a depth about two to three times their size. Improper depth can prevent seedlings from reaching the surface.
4. Temperature Fluctuations and Unsuitable Germination Temperature
Seeds have preferred temperature ranges for optimal germination, and mail order seeds may be shipped to climates where these conditions aren’t met. For example, tomato seeds germinate best between 70°F and 80°F (21°C to 27°C). If seeds are kept too cold or too hot, germination rates drop significantly. Use heating mats or move seed trays to warm spots to maintain stable temperatures conducive to sprouting.
5. Using the Wrong Growing Medium
Garden soil or heavy potting mixes can hinder seed germination by retaining too much water or harboring pathogens. Mail order seeds generally require a sterile, lightweight seed-starting mix that drains well and is free of weed seeds or fungi. Switching to a commercial seed-starting medium ensures better oxygen flow and reduces damping-off disease, which kills young seedlings.
6. Poor Seed Quality or Mixed Varieties
Sometimes the seed batch itself may be low quality or contain mixed seed varieties, especially if bought from unreliable sources. This can cause uneven germination or unexpected plant traits. Check for seed company reviews and certifications such as those from the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) to ensure true-to-type seeds. Testing a small batch before large-scale planting can also identify quality issues.
7. Failure to Pre-Treat Seeds That Need It
Certain seeds require pre-treatment like scarification, stratification, or soaking to break dormancy and germinate. Mail order seeds may arrive without clear instructions, leading to poor sprouting. Examples include morning glory seeds that benefit from nicking the seed coat or apple seeds that require cold stratification for several weeks. Researching each seed type and applying necessary pre-treatments improves germination success.
8. Damping-Off Disease Caused by Fungal Pathogens
Damping-off is a common fungal disease that kills seedlings soon after germination, often caused by overly wet conditions and poor air circulation. Mail order seeds started indoors are particularly vulnerable if grown in contaminated soil or containers. Use sterile seed-starting mix, avoid overwatering, and provide good airflow by spacing seedlings and using fans. Applying a light dusting of cinnamon powder can also act as a natural antifungal.
9. Seeds Not Freshly Harvested or Untreated for Storage
Some seeds, especially heirlooms or wild-collected varieties, are best when freshly harvested. Mail order seeds that have been stored for extended periods without proper drying or treatment may have reduced germination rates. Look for seed companies that specify harvest dates and use desiccants or vacuum-sealed packaging to maintain seed quality during transit and storage.
10. Inadequate Light After Germination
Once seeds sprout, they need sufficient light to grow strong and healthy. Mail order seeds started indoors under low light conditions often produce weak, leggy seedlings. Using fluorescent grow lights or placing seedlings in a bright south-facing window for 12-16 hours daily encourages robust growth and reduces the risk of seedling collapse.
How to Choose
When selecting seeds by mail, prioritize seed companies with strong reputations for quality and transparency, such as Johnny’s Selected Seeds or Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds. Look for clear packaging dates and germination guarantees. Consider your local climate and the specific needs of the plant species, including required pre-treatments and optimal germination temperatures. Also, read reviews from other gardeners to assess seed viability and customer service responsiveness. Investing in fresh, certified seeds and following proper storage and planting guidelines will save time and frustration.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How long do mail order seeds remain viable?
Most seeds remain viable for 1-5 years depending on the species and storage conditions, but viability decreases over time. Always check the packing date.
Q: Should I soak seeds before planting?
Only soak seeds that require it, such as beans or morning glories. Soaking can speed up germination but may harm seeds sensitive to excess moisture.
Q: How can I tell if seeds are still good?
Conduct a germination test by placing 10 seeds on a damp paper towel, covering them, and checking for sprouting within the expected timeframe.
Q: What causes seeds to mold during germination?
Mold usually results from excessive moisture and poor air circulation. Use sterile mix, avoid overwatering, and improve ventilation.
Q: Can I reuse seed-starting soil from previous seasons?
It’s not recommended because it may harbor diseases and lose structure. Use fresh seed-starting mix each season for best results.
Q: Why do some seeds require cold stratification?
Cold stratification mimics winter conditions needed to break seed dormancy in species like apple or some perennials, enabling germination in spring.
Final Thoughts
Mail order seeds offer a convenient way to grow unique plants, but successful germination requires attention to seed quality, proper planting techniques, and environmental conditions. By understanding and addressing common problems such as moisture balance, temperature control, and seed treatments, gardeners can dramatically improve their germination success rates. Choosing reputable seed sources and following the guidance above ensures your seeds grow into healthy, vigorous plants ready to flourish in your garden.
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